Biology report 2nd semester part 3

Nervous System part 2

• The Brain is a hierarchial organ that is divided into compartments, each with specific functions. It also has nerves attached to it, called cranial nerves. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and they can sensory, motor and mixed.
• The cerebrum controls the consciousness or movement & senses of a human body. Beneath it are the diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum. Each parts play an important role in coordinating the sensory and motor information of the cerebellum. Other parts of the brain allow humans to make connections between different types of sensory information and to compare current experience

Reaction;
The nervous system plays a significant role in providing our body to move and make contact with our surroundings. Without it, we won't be able to fuction properly.

Biology report 2nd semester part 3

Nervous System
is the body's computer
3 systems of the nervous system
Central nervous system:
controls all basic bodily functions and responds to external changes
Peripheral nervous system:
provides a complete network of motor and sensory fibers connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
Autonomic nervous system
parallels the spinal cord but is separated involved in control of exocrine glands, blood vessels, viscera and external genitalia
The nervous tissues are made up of two specialized cells:
1.Neuroglia or Glial cells
- cells in the nervous tissues that allow it to perform nervous system functions
2.Neurons
- all of the control functions of body are being transferred with the neurons.
- they work like messengers
Spinal Cord
- has 31 segments, each with a pair of spinal nerves
- ventral root is integral to motor functions and the dorsal root is integral to sensory functions
Pictures:
http://www.cedars-sinai.edu/images/468380_SPINALCO_copy.jpg
http://crystalskullworld.com/Neuron.gif

Biology report 2nd semester part 2

The Integumentary System

Definition:

• is comprised of the skin and its accessory components of hairs, nails and associated glands.

• Performs several vital functions besides protecting you from an invasion of disease-producing pathogens

• helps keep the body from drying out, acts as storage for fatty tissue necessary for energy, and with the aid of some sunshine, your skin produces vitamin D.

Skin:

• quite a large organ, easily weighing twice as your brain, approaching 20 pounds in an average adult

• 3 main layers:

1. epidermis:

   - layer of skin that we normally skin.

   - made up of 5 or 6 even smaller layers of stratified squamous epithelium

   - the epidermis is interesting for several reasons:

   - 1^st, it has no blood vessels or nerve cells.

   - 2^nd, the cells on the surface are constantly shedding being replaced with new cells that arise from the deeper region called, “ Stratum basale.”

   - the outermost surface of skin is actually a layer of dead cells called stratum cornerum

   - specialized cells called melanocytes are located deep in the epidermis and are responisble for skin color. They produce melanin, which is the actual substance that affects skin color.

2. Dermis;

   - another name: Corium

   - made up of the following components in the layer:

• capillaries

• collagenous and elastic fibers

• involuntary fibers

• nerve endings

• lymph vessels

• hair follicles

• sudoriderous glands

• sebaceous glands

• 2 main types of sudiferous or sweat glands:

  1. apocrine

  - secrete at the hair follicles in the groin and region as well as the armpits.

  2. eccrine

  - found in greater numbers on your palms, feet, forehead, and upper lip

3. Subcutaneous Fasci ( Hypodermis)

   - the innermost layer of the skin which is composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue and fatty tissue.

Nails

- specialized epithelial cells originating from the nail root form your nails. As these cells grow out and over the nail bed, they become keratinized, foring a substance similar to the horns of a bull

Version:1.0 StartHTML:0000000167 EndHTML:0000001295 StartFragment:0000000454 EndFragment:0000001279

Skin Burns

When assessing the damage caused by the burns, there are two factors:

1. The depth of the burn

2. size of the area damged

Types of Skin Burn ( in order)

1. 1^st degree burn - damages the outer layer of the skin only

2. 2^nd degree burn - burns the entire depth of the epidemis and a portion of the dermis

3. 3^rd degree burn - affects all of the 3 layers of the skin

4. 4^th degree burn - burns that penetrate to the bone

Biology report 2nd semester week 1

Skeletal system
Functions:

• provides frame
• produces blood cells
• provides protection
• helps to breathe
• stores minerals
  

Bones:
Types:

1. Long Bones - larger than they are wide
2. Short Bones - equal sized in width & length
   
3. Flat Bones - thinner bones
4. Irregular Bones - like parts of a jigsaw puzzle
   

Bone Tissue:

1. Compact - dense, hard. outer layers of the other bones
2. Spongy - arranged in trabeculae

Surface Structures of Bones:

• not smooth
• have projections, bumps & depression

Bone Growth and Repair

• Ossification - formation of bone

Cells involved;

1. Osteoprogenitor celss - non specialized cells found in the periosteum, endosteum, cnetral canal
2. Osteoblasts - secretes a matrix of Ca
3. Osteocytes - mature bone cells
4. Osteoclasts - tears down bone material

Biology Project part 5

Proteins

• the most abundant organic molecules in cells
  
• most genetic informationare expressed by proteins
• 1. Enzymes are catalysts that speed the rate of chemical reactions. Its suffix is -ase
  2. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands. They also regulate other parts of the body.
  3. Antibody is globular protein that is made by the body to response to presence of a foreign or harmful molecule called antigen
  4. Amino Acid are building blocks of proteins (monomers that make up the polymr protein)
     3 types of Proteins:
     
     • Structural Proteins: important in maintaining the shape of the cells and organism.
     • Regulatory Proteins: determine which activities will occur in the organisms
     • Carrier Protein: pick and deliver molecules at one place and transport them to another place.
       
  Proteins plays an important aspect in helping stimulate the proper body functions plus giving proper energy for our body to perform work well.
  

Biology Project part 4

Carbohydrates

• composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms linked together to form monomers called mono saccharides ( simple sugar)

mono= single; saccharine= sugar

• means sweet carbon
• Formula= CH2O
• the ending -ose indicates carbohydrates
• triose means 3 carbons therefore C3H6O3
• serves as ab immediate source of energy
  
• provide shape to certain cells
• simple sugars combine to form complex carbohydrates

• Composed of 3 groups:
  1. Monosaccharides

     examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
     

  2. Disaccharides

     example: surcose, lactose, maltose
     

  3. Polysaccharides
     examples: cellulose, glycogen, starch
     

     Learning carbohydrates can help teach us the what nutrients does it provide us everyday. Learning this topic for me has surprised me because of the fact that there certain properties in life that always help us in movement and giving information to our body.
     

Biology Project part 3

Vital Signs

• common, measurable indicators that help us to assess the health of patients.
• signs vital to life
• standard values can change according to sex and age
• Examples

1. Pulse
2. Blood pressure
3. body Temperature
   
4. Respiratory rate

Symptoms

• more subjective and more difficult to measure
  
• Example: pain
• A specific grouping of signs and symptoms is known as syndrome

Diagnosis

• identification of disease determined by the study of the patient's signs, symptoms, history and results
  

Etiology

• cause of disease

Prognosis

• prediction of the outcome of a disease

The study of vital signs and symptoms plays an important aspect in our lives for it teaches how to interact with certain diseases that may cause harm to our body. Also, without knowing them, we would not know how counter act them.

Biology Project part 2

4 types of Tissues

1. Epithelial Tissue is a tissue that not only covers and lines much of the body but also covers many of the parts found in the body. There different shapes for this tissue such as squamous (square/ flatlike), cuboidal (cubed-shaped), columnar (column shaped) and transitional (strechy and variably shaped). There are also two different arrangements. One is simple where the tissues are are arrange in a single layer. Another is stratified where the tissues are arranged in several layers.
   
2. Connective tissues is a tissue that connects or separates other tissues or organs. There are 3 types of connective tissues which are Areolar where it holds the organs in holding other connective tissues, Adipose also known as fat where it is needed for proper functioning for our body and Dense Connective Tissue where the tissues form stonglike structures to wire cables.
3. Muscle tissue is a band of fibrous tissues that has the ability to produce movement. There are 3 types of muscle tissues. One is Skeletal Muscle where it is connected to the skeleton to form part of the mechanical system that moves to the limbs and other parts of the system, another is Cardiac muscle where it is found in the walls of the heart and finally is the Smooth muscle where the tissue in within the contractile fibrulus aren't highly ordered, occurring in the gist and other internal organs
4. Nervous Tissues are tissues that acts as a messenger. It has 2 parts that take part in sending information thru out the body. One is the Neurons where it is considered as th conductor of information and the other is Glia where it supports in holding the neurons inplace.

Tissues is one of the lessons that help me understand clearly how our body functions well. Plus, the tissues are the nes that help provide movement for our body and send proper information for our body to act.

Biology Project part 1

1. Cell division
What is cell division?

• Cell Division is the process of dividing one cell into two.
  
• Two Types:
• Mitosis, where eukaryotic cells separates the chromosomes in its nucleus into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei. The steps are:
• Interphase
  
• Prophase
  
• Metaphase
  
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• Meiosis is the division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved. The steps are:
  
• Meosis I
• ProphaseI
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telephase I
• Meosis II
• Importance of the Study:
• For me, Cell Division is an important to learn for it allows us to know how things function well in our daily lives today. As we recall, without cell division, we won't be able provide special needs for our body.